Watchman Nee, also known as Ni Tuosheng, was a prominent Chinese Christian teacher and church leader of the 20th century.
Born into a Methodist family in 1903, he grew up under the influence of a well-respected father and a mother who valued evangelism. In 1922, he pioneered church meetings in Fuzhou, marking the start of local churches.
His ministry spanned thirty years, producing numerous Biblical expositions and fostering churches throughout China.
Despite his persecution and imprisonment following the Communist Revolution, Nee remained steadfast in his faith, spending his final two decades in prison.
His profound impact on Christianity was recognized by US Congress in 2009.
Through his teachings and writings, Nee left a legacy of inspiring quotes on faith, success, and motivation.
Related: Paul Washer Quotes on Salvation and Prayer and John Piper Quotes from the Famous Theologian and Pastor.
I have collected the inspiring Watchman Nee quotes in this post.
Top 10 Watchman Nee Quotes
“Our prayers lay the track down which God’s power can come.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“With complete consecration comes perfect peace.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“Our rest lies in looking to the Lord, not to ourselves.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“Outside Christ, I am empty; in Christ, I am full.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“May we always be possessed by the consciousness that we are not our own.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“A Christian life is an unending engagement on the battlefield.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“Lord, I am willing to break MY heart that I might satisfy THY heart.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“The cross grants us position, the Holy Spirit gives us experience.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“God is not seeking a display of my Christ-likeness, but a manifestation of His Christ.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“To keep our hand on the plow while wiping away our tears – THAT is Christianity!” ~ (Watchman Nee).
Also read: Paul Washer Quotes on Salvation and Prayer and Peter Marshall Quotes for Motivation, Inspiration, and Wisdom.
Best Watchman Nee Quotes
“I want nothing for myself; I want everything for the Lord.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“A drowning man cannot be saved until he is utterly exhausted and ceases to make the slightest effort to save himself.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“We think of the Christian life as a ‘changed life’ but it is not that. What God offers us is an ‘exchanged life,’ a ‘substituted life,’ and Christ is our Substitute within.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“The ‘flesh’ is too bad to be cleansed; it must be crucified.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“Towards himself a Christian should have a broken spirit, but towards God it should be one of rejoicing always in Him. He rejoices not for its own sake nor because of any joyful experience, work, blessing or circumstance, but exclusively because God is his center.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“Satan can only attack us from the outside in. He may work through the lust and sensations of the body or through the mind and emotion of the soul, for those two belong to the outward man.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“Prayer is the acid test of the inner man’s strength. A strong spirit is capable of praying much and praying with all perseverance until the answer comes. A weak one grows weary and fainthearted in the maintenance of praying.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“An affection which is not inspired by the Lord will soon be transformed into lust. Samson is not alone in the history of man in failing in this regard. Delilah is still cutting the hair of man today!” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“All satanic works are performed from the outside inward; all divine works from the inside outward.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“Prayer is work. The experiences of many children of God demonstrate that it accomplishes far more than does any other form of work. It is also warfare, for it is one of the weapons in fighting the enemy. However, only prayer in the spirit is genuinely effectual.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“The Spirit is both a builder and a dweller. He cannot dwell where he has not built; He builds to dwell and dwells in only what he has built.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“People who are lazy, careless, doubtful-minded or arrogant need not expect God to reveal His secret or covenant to them.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“He who is able to accept everything gladly from the Lord – including darkness, dryness, flatness – and completely disregard self is he who lives for Him.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“Just as the right relationship with Christ generates a Christian, so the proper relationship with the Holy Spirit breeds a spiritual man.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“Why do so many Christians pray such tiny prayers when their God is so big?” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“Baptism is an outward expression of an inward faith.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“The Christian faith begins not with a big DO but with a big DONE.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“God will answer all our questions in one way and one way only. Namely, by showing us more of his Son.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“I must first have the sense of God’s possession of me before I can have the sense of His presence with me.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“We must have a spirit of power towards the enemy, a spirit of love towards men, and a spirit of self~control towards ourselves.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“It does not matter what your personal deficiency, or whether it be a hundred and one different things, God has always one sufficient answer, His Son Jesus Christ, and he is the answer to every need.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“We may be weak, but looking at our weakness will never make us strong.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“Our old history ends with the Cross; our new history begins with the resurrection.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“The Blood deals with what we have done, whereas the Cross deals with what we are. The Blood disposes of our sins, while the Cross strikes at the root of our capacity for sin.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“Faith in Christ makes one a regenerated believer; obedience to the Holy Spirit makes him a spiritual believer.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“Our prayers lay the track down which Gods power can come. Like a mighty locomotive, his power is irresistible, but it cannot reach us without rails.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“A person who wholly follows the Lord is one who believes that the promises of God are trustworthy, that He is with His people, and that they are well able to overcome.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
Top Watchman Nee Quotes
“With fear and trembling we must rely upon God for guidance in the inner depths. This is the sole way to walk according to the spirit.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“Whatever the mind sets itself on is what the man walks after.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“Christ is the Son of God. He died to atone for men’s sin, and after three days rose again. This is the most important fact in the universe. I die believing in Christ.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“Victory is the normal experience of a Christian; defeat should be the abnormal experience.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“Overcoming sin, blessed though it surely is, is but the bare minimum of a believers experience. There is nothing astonishing in it. Not to overcome sin is what ought to astonish us.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“God has supplied all my needs and has not failed me once.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“Longlasting victory can never be separated from a longlasting stand on the foundation of the cross.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“Man’s thought is always of the punishment that will come to him if he sins. God’s thought is always of the glory man will miss if he sins. God’s purpose for redemption is glory, glory, glory.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
Good is not always God’s will, but God’s will is always good.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“Separation to God, separation from the world, is the first principle of Christian living.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“The Christian experience, from start to finish, is a journey of faith.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“Do not be impatient for impatience is of the flesh. Do not try different methods because they are useful solely in helping the flesh. We must distrust the flesh entirely.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“By the time the average Christian gets his temperature up to normal, everybody thinks he has a fever!” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“It is because we know God’s will that we may say to Him: “God, we want You to do this thing, we are determined that You do it, You cannot but do it.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“If Christ lives in us, we will rejoice in everything, and we will thank and praise the Lord. We will say, ‘Hallelujah! Praise the Lord’ forever.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“The Lord has shown me that I can do anything, but that He has said, apart from Me ye can do nothing. So it comes to this, that everything I have done, and can still do apart from Him is nothing!” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“Teach us to pray that we may cause The enemy to flee, That we his evil power may bind, His prisoners to free.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“There is nothing more tragic than to come to the end of life and know we have been on the wrong course.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“The greatest negative in the universe is the Cross, for with it God wiped out everything that was not of Himself: the greatest positive in the universe is the resurrection, for through it God brought into being all.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“The burden imparted by God is lifted once we have prayed, but the heaviness from the enemy cannot be raised unless we fight and resist in prayer.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“Now is the hour we should humbly prostrate ourselves before God, willing to be convicted afresh of our sins by the Holy Spirit.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“As God’s child advances spiritually be shall discover that the Lord’s time is as important as the Lord’s will. Do not rashly beget an Ishmael lest he become the greatest enemy to Isaac.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“It is a fact that God wants to destroy every work of our flesh, but He never desires to destroy our personality. He takes no pleasure in transforming us into automata; rather He delights in having us cooperate with Him.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“All spiritual prayers have their source in God. God makes known to us what we ought to pray by unfolding to us the need and by giving that need as a burden in our intuitive spirit. Only an intuitive burden can constitute our call to pray.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“The devil abhors light and truth because these remove the ground of his working.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“Baptism is faith in action.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
Famous Watchman Nee Quotes
“When a believer has crossed into the domain of the spiritual he daily ought to maintain a combat attitude in his spirit, praying therewith for the overthrow of all the works of Satan done through the evil powers.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“Everyone who believes in God must have His revelation in his spirit, or else what he believes is not God but mere human wisdom, ideals or words. Such faith cannot endure the test.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“If whatever men know comes through their brain without the Holy Spirit regenerating their spirit, then their knowledge will help them not one whit. If their belief rests in man’s wisdom and not in God’s power, they are merely excited in their soul.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“A mistaken thought may be corrected easily, but an errant affection is nearly unmanageable.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“When the fruit of your service is out of all proportion to the gifts you possess, THAT is Blessing!” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“If we verily bear the cross we shall be neither controlled nor influenced by soulical affection but shall be fit to love in the power of the Holy Spirit. Even so did the Lord Jesus love His family while on earth.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“They spend more time in analyzing, in collecting materials, and in hard thinking than on prayer, on seeking God’s mind, and on waiting for the power from above.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“Oh, Lord, you have indeed been gracious to me.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“The Christian life from start to finish is based upon this principle of utter dependence upon the Lord Jesus.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“Eternal life means more than mere future blessing to be enjoyed by believers; it is equally a kind of spiritual ability.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“The child of God ought to confess his weakness that he does not know how to pray, and petition the Holy Spirit to teach him.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“An unpeaceful mind cannot operate normally.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“So we can say, reverently, that God never gave us the Law to keep: he gave us the Law to break! He well knew that we could not keep it.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“Natural strength is what we receive from the hand of God as Creator. Spiritual strength is what we receive from God in grace.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“Do we not realize that the basic condition for a spiritual walk is to fear our self and its wisdom and to rely absolutely upon the Spirit?” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“True spiritual life depends not on probing our feelings and thoughts from dawn to dusk but on ‘looking off’ to the Savior!” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“Without this heart attitude it is exceedingly difficult for us to accept the circumcision of the flesh. Every affection, desire, thought, knowledge, intent, worship, and work of the flesh must go to the cross.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“God will not give me humility, or patience, or holiness, or love as separate investments of His grace. He has given only one gift to meet our need, His Son Christ Jesus.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“Fellowship means among other things that we are ready to receive of Christ from others. Other believers minister Christ to me, and I am ready to receive.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“Genuine spiritual knowledge lies not in wonderful and mysterious thoughts but in actual spiritual experience through union of the believer’s life with truth.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“Not until we take the place of a servant can He take His place as Lord.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“I do not consecrate myself to be a missionary or a preacher. I consecrate myself to God to do His will where I am, be it in school, office, or kitchen, or wherever He may, in His wisdom, send me.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“Revelation is the first step to holiness, and consecration is the second. A day must come in our lives, as definite as the day of our conversion, when we give up all right to ourselves and submit to the absolute Lordship of Jesus Christ.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“Spiritual advancement is measured by faithful obedience.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“Knowing the truth concerning the deep workings of the evil spirit helps the individual not only to overcome sins but to eliminate unnecessary afflictions as well.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“The gospel we preach must not be just something we hear from men or read from books or even conceived through our meditation. Unless it is delivered to us by God, it can serve no spiritual utility.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“Do not be taken in or flattered by your own success or fame. Take not only as to whether or not the old creation, including everything which comes by birth, has gone through the cross.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“Were our spirits hardy we would be able to meet the most disturbing situation with peace and rest.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“And it is through conflict that God induces the believer to seek and to grasp total triumph in Christ.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“How true it is that without the guidance of the Holy Spirit intellect not only is undependable but also extremely dangerous, because it often confuses the issue of right and wrong.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“True revelation of the fact of the Spirit’s indwelling will revolutionize the life of any Christian.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“Actually, only God can satisfy a Christian’s heart; man cannot.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
Popular Watchman Nee Quotes
“The particular sin of omission which gives ground to the evil spirits is the believer’s passivity.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“Many confuse understanding with believing.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“We work because we have not seen the work of Christ.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“The right attitude is this: that I have my own will, yet I will the will of God.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“Therefore, brethren, pray until God gives us revelation so that “knowing this” in our spirit we may truly confess “that our old man has been crucified with him.”” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“Take this as the secret of Christ’s life in you: His Spirit dwells in your innermost spirit. Meditate on it, believe in it, and remember it until this glorious truth produces within you a holy fear and wonderment that the Holy Spirit indeed abides in you.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“Henceforth we are dead to everything pertaining to ourselves and alive to His Spirit alone. This requires our exercising faith.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“The note of hallelujah must never be in short supply in the spirit of the believer.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“If we just had more revelation of what we already have, there would be far less prayers and far more praise.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“The attitude of saints toward their possessions most assuredly signifies whether they continue to preserve their self life or whether they have consigned it to death.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“At times it seems we require more grace to lose our wealth than to lose our life!” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“Every true work is not done to the poor. Every true work is done to Me.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“On at least four separate occasions and recorded in the four Gospels the Lord Jesus called His disciples to deny their soul life, deliver it to death, and then to follow Him.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“Only those who are spiritual perceive the reality of the spiritual foe and hence engage in battle. Such warfare is not fought with arms of the flesh. Because the conflict is spiritual so must the weapons.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“To secure one’s freedom the Christian must experience God’s light which is God’s truth.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“If you would test the character of anything, you only need to enquire whether that thing leads you to God or away from God.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
Inspiring Watchman Nee Quotes
“A born-again person ought to possess unspeakable peace in the spirit.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“All knowledge is the outgrowth of obedience; everything else is just information.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“The cares of this life emerge as very small items indeed along our daily path.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“A spiritual Christian should welcome any burden which the Lord brings his way.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“It is highly dangerous to receive the truths of the Bible with human wisdom, for this is a hidden and subtle method which invariably causes a believer to perfect with his flesh the work of the Holy Spirit.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“One gains by losing self for others and not by hoarding for oneself.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“Believers must persevere in prayer that they may see clearly their own pitiful state and understand the indwelling, working, and demands of the Holy Spirit.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“We should try our best to pour out all the burdens in our spirit by prayer until all of them have left us.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“From the evening I was saved, I began to live a new life, for the life of the eternal God had entered into me.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“If you perform your part, God will fulfill His. And once you put off specifically, you should just as thoroughly believe that God will renew your mind, despite the fact you know not how.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“For God to reveal His Son in us is not the result of research or searching; it is entirely a matter of mercy and revelation. It is an inward seeing, an inner knowing.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“If the mind is open the individual will soon perceive the preciousness of a truth which initially appeared rather dull to him but now is illumined by the spirit’s light.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“We must not pay attention just to reading and studying; rather, we should ask if we are open before the Lord. If we do not have an unveiled face, the glory of the Lord will not shine on us. If our heart is not open to God, God cannot give us any light.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“The clerical system of church management is exceedingly popular, but the whole thought is foreign to Scripture.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“The life of faith is not only totally different from, but also diametrically opposite to, a life of feeling.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“All we have-ourselves-to Him, and if that be all, that is enough.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“The child of God should not be overanxious to make new gains; what he essentially requires is to keep what he already has, for not losing is itself a gain. The way to retain what he possesses is to engage it.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“The idea of waste only comes into our Christianity when we underestimate the worth of our Lord.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
“Since this life is God’s and cannot die, it follows that everyone born anew into possessing this life is said to have eternal life.” ~ (Watchman Nee).
Other Famous People Quotes
- Kay Arthur Quotes from the International Bible Teacher
- Henry Alford Quotes from English Churchman & Theologian
- Hosea Ballou Quotes from American Universalist Clergyman
- William Barclay Quotes from the Scottish Author & Theologian
- Andrew Bonar Quotes from the Minister of the Free Church of Scotland
- Albert Mohler Quotes from the American Evangelical Theologian
Short Biography of Watchman Nee
Watchman Nee was a pivotal figure in Chinese Christianity, founding the “Little Flock,” which became the largest Protestant group in China before the 1949 Communist regime.
His writings, spanning over 40 volumes and translated into numerous languages, continue to inspire Christians globally.
Born into a Christian family, Nee dedicated his life to Christ at 18 and was a key player in student spiritual revivals.
| Full Name | ‘Ni Tuosheng’ or ‘Nee T’o-sheng’ |
| Born | 4 November 1903, Guangdong |
| Died | 30 May 1972 (age 68 years), Guangde, Xuancheng, China |
| Spouse | Charity Chang |
| Parents | Lin He-Ping, Ni Weng-hsiu |
| Siblings | Peter Nee, Ni Te-ching, Ni Sheng-tsu, Ni Hsing-tsu, Ni Tek-ting, Ni Kuei-cheng, Ni Kuei-chen, Ni Hong-tsu |
| Founded | Local churches |
His movement, rooted in simplicity and New Testament principles, emphasized self-governance and spread rapidly across China, even amidst Communist oppression.
Nee’s life ended in prison in 1972, but his legacy endures through his contributions to the faith and the ongoing vitality of the “Little Flock.”
Quick Facts about Watchman Nee
- Watchman Nee was a Chinese Christian teacher in the 20th century.
- Born on November 4, 1903, in Fujian province, China.
- His original name was Ni Tuosheng.
- Nee was influenced by the Plymouth Brethren movement.
- Started church meetings in Fuzhou in 1922, marking the local churches’ beginning.
- Authored many books on the Bible over his 30-year ministry.
- Set up churches across China and led numerous Bible conferences.
- He was imprisoned for his faith after the Communist Revolution.
- Spent the last 20 years of his life in prison.
- Honored in the US Congress in 2009 by Christopher H. Smith.
- Nee was the third child among nine siblings.
- His parents were Methodists; he was baptized as an infant.
- Excelled academically, especially in his early education.
- Converted to Christianity at 17 after attending evangelistic meetings.
- His conversion led him to start praying for and evangelizing to his friends.
- Initially attended Dora Yu’s Bible Institute but was dismissed.
- Mentored by British missionary Margaret E. Barber.
- Nee’s teachings were partly shaped by his vast personal library.
- He emphasized a church model without a clergy-laity divide.
- His movement had brief interactions with the Exclusive Brethren.
- Married Charity Chang, who initially ridiculed his faith.
- His ministry’s focus was on building up local churches and living a victorious Christian life.
- Emphasized youth training for sustaining future Christian testimony.
- Nee’s literary work aimed at encouraging readers to fully commit to God.
- Held annual meetings for “the Overcomer” to proclaim victorious Christian living.
- Nee’s ministry wasn’t about holding revival meetings but establishing local churches.
- He stressed the importance of a collective church life over individual spirituality.
- His approach to youth training was about living a corporate spiritual life.
- Nee faced challenges with the Exclusive Brethren due to his inclusive practices.
- Despite persecution, Nee’s work significantly impacted Chinese Christianity.
Top Questions about Watchman Nee
A: Watchman Nee was born as Nee Shu-Tsu in Foochow, China.
A: During his college years, Watchman Nee’s mentor was Miss. Margaret Barber, an independent British missionary who treated him as a young learner and often administered strict discipline.
A: At 17, while still a student, Watchman Nee accepted Jesus Christ as his Lord and Savior after attending a meeting held by evangelist Dora Yu at the Church of Heavenly Peace.
A: Watchman Nee was known for his diligent study of the Bible, using various methods and becoming intimately familiar with it through extensive reading and understanding.
A: One of Nee’s memorable quotes is, “Good is not always God’s will, but God’s will is always good.”
A: Born Ni Shuzu, he changed his name to Ni Tuosheng in 1925, which is linked to the sound of a city watchman’s clapper. This change reflected his new spiritual path, which is echoed in his English name, Watchman Nee.
A: One of Watchman Nee’s famous books is “The Normal Christian Life,” which focuses on theological views based on the first few chapters of the New Testament book of Romans and discusses what the normal Christian life should entail.
A: The local churches founded by Watchman Nee were based on the conviction of “one church for one city or town,” emphasizing the oneness among believers and condemning divisions.
A: Nee was initially set to be released in 1967 but remained in prison, passing away on May 30, 1972. There was no public announcement of his death or a funeral held, and his body was cremated on June 1, 1972, before his family could reach the prison.
A: Watchman Nee believed that denominations were wrong because they divided the One Body of Christ, and he suffered much for his firm stand on the oneness of the Body of Christ.
A: Watchman Nee was arrested by the Chinese Communists in 1952 for his faith and leadership among the local churches, and he died in prison in 1972.
A: After Watchman Nee’s death, a scrap of paper was found by his bed that read, “Christ is the Son of God Who died for the redemption of sinners and was resurrected after three days. This is the greatest truth in the universe. I die because of my belief in Christ. Watchman Nee.”
A: Witness Lee was a notable co-laborer of Watchman Nee who emigrated to Taiwan in 1949.
A: Through his life and ministry, Watchman Nee helped raise up local churches not only in China but also in places like the Philippines, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia, contributing to the global spread of Christianity.
A: By the time of his arrest in 1952, around four hundred local churches had been established through Watchman Nee’s ministry.
A: Watchman Nee divided his income into thirds: one-third for his personal needs, one-third for helping others, and the remaining third for purchasing spiritual books.
A: In his preaching and ministry, Watchman Nee emphasized the “inner-life” issue in a believer’s life rather than the “outward-work.”
A: There are approximately fifty-five books by Watchman Nee available in English, primarily published through Christian Fellowship Publishers.
A: After converting to Christianity, Lee explored various Christian teachings and found Watchman Nee’s works in periodicals, leading him to seek Nee’s guidance for deeper biblical understanding.
